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信用(yòng)證進口押彙的風險這麽複雜？如何防範！Is the risk of L / C import documentary bill so complex? How to prevent!
發布時間：
2021-10-11
信用(yòng)證進口押彙的風險這麽複雜？如何防範！進口信用(yòng)證押彙是指銀行收到國(guó)外來單後，應開證申請人要求向其提供的短期資金融通，用(yòng)以支付該單據項下款項。在此基礎上，開證行在收到信用(yòng)證項下的單據後先行付款，然後根據與進口商(shāng)之間的進口押彙協議及進口商(shāng)簽發的信托收據将單據交進口商(shāng)，進口商(shāng)憑單提貨并在市場銷售後，将貨款及利息交還開證行。由此可(kě)見，進口押彙的實質(zhì)是銀行對進口商(shāng)的一種短期放款。從進口押彙的含義可(kě)以看出其
信用(yòng)證進口押彙的風險這麽複雜？如何防範！
進口信用(yòng)證押彙是指銀行收到國(guó)外來單後，應開證申請人要求向其提供的短期資金融通，用(yòng)以支付該單據項下款項。在此基礎上，開證行在收到信用(yòng)證項下的單據後先行付款，然後根據與進口商(shāng)之間的進口押彙協議及進口商(shāng)簽發的信托收據将單據交進口商(shāng)，進口商(shāng)憑單提貨并在市場銷售後，将貨款及利息交還開證行。由此可(kě)見，進口押彙的實質(zhì)是銀行對進口商(shāng)的一種短期放款。
從進口押彙的含義可(kě)以看出其運作(zuò)大體(tǐ)分(fēn)為(wèi)三個步驟：開證行根據與進口商(shāng)簽訂的進口押彙協議對外付款；進口商(shāng)憑信托收據領取貨運單據；進口商(shāng)銷貨後，将貨款歸還銀行，換回信托收據。進口押彙雖然給進口商(shāng)提供了融資便利，但對銀行的風險是顯而易見的。
進口押彙過程中(zhōng)經常面臨的風險有(yǒu):
一、貨物(wù)價格下跌風險
當進口企業與外商(shāng)簽訂進口合同時，商(shāng)品的市場價格看好，進口是有(yǒu)利可(kě)圖的，但等貨物(wù)進口銷售時，價格卻大幅度下跌，原想盈利反而虧損。這時企業的還款能(néng)力會出現問題，風險就出現了。
二、企業挪用(yòng)資金風險
進口企業雖然将貨物(wù)賣出，順利收回貨款，但恰有(yǒu)其他(tā)方面急用(yòng)款項，或債務(wù)糾紛賬款被凍結扣劃，無法按時歸還押彙銀行的到期押彙款，此時銀行的風險将不可(kě)避免。
三、彙率變動風險
銀行對進口企業押彙币種如果是人民(mín)币，則國(guó)内貸款回收也是人民(mín)币，就不會有(yǒu)彙率變動風險。但若押彙币種是美元或其他(tā)外币，則企業要承擔人民(mín)币貶值的風險。
那麽如何防範進口押彙中(zhōng)的風險?
第一，銀行要嚴格按照現行《擔保法》的要求構建進口押彙的擔保機制，确保每種方式的擔保合法有(yǒu)效，并且不會引發相互矛盾。在進口押彙中(zhōng)，銀行一般将質(zhì)押的貨物(wù)或者單據轉交給了進口商(shāng)，這就可(kě)能(néng)導緻質(zhì)押無效或者質(zhì)押效力不能(néng)對抗第三人，法院對此将認為(wèi)銀行放棄了物(wù)保，那麽保證人就僅在物(wù)保價值之外的範圍内承擔保證責任。因此，銀行應該要求保證人在簽訂書面保證合同時，明确約定在銀行将貨物(wù)或單據交給進口商(shāng)後，自願承擔包括對貨物(wù)所擔保債權範圍内部分(fēn)的責任，避免銀行因轉交質(zhì)物(wù)而造成保證人享有(yǒu)對銀行物(wù)保放棄的抗辯權而引發的貸款損失風險。
第二，嚴格審查押彙申請人以及擔保人的信用(yòng)和能(néng)力， 全面考察開證申請人的資信狀況。進口押彙業務(wù)的風險主要來自于申請人的業務(wù)經營能(néng)力和履約付款能(néng)力，銀行在信用(yòng)證項下給客戶提供融資要清楚地認識到客戶的信用(yòng)風險才是最根本的風險。這一措施是最終防止押彙擔保機制固有(yǒu)缺陷的有(yǒu)效措施。從實踐來看， 一些押彙申請人惡意與擔保人串通，惡意逃避銀行債務(wù)。銀行尤其應注意關聯公(gōng)司之間的擔保和交易， 對進口押彙業務(wù)的影響。
第三，嚴格把握開證額度的使用(yòng)條件，科(kē)學(xué)匹配開證額度與保證金比例之間的關系。使用(yòng)額度開立信用(yòng)證應滿足一些基本條件，在條件達到的前提下使用(yòng)開證額度，搭配以部分(fēn)比例的保證金開立信用(yòng)證， 可(kě)以有(yǒu)效控制信用(yòng)證項下貿易融資風險。
第四，在操作(zuò)時要完善信息披露制度，增強微觀金融主體(tǐ)的風險防範意識，改善銀行融資信息的不對稱狀态。扭轉這一狀态的根本手段是全面、準确、及時的信息披露與報告制度，進行全面的風險管理(lǐ)。即對整個機構各個層次的業務(wù)單位通過系統信息處理(lǐ)，集中(zhōng)化的控制與管理(lǐ)風險。銀行内部和外部聯行間信息資源進行歸類、整合，通過信息共享，建立可(kě)以在銀行内部及聯行之間共享的信息系統、風險控制系統、決策支持系統，形成一個以風險管理(lǐ)為(wèi)核心的資産(chǎn)負債管理(lǐ)體(tǐ)系。
第五，加強貸後管理(lǐ)。銀行有(yǒu)關部門應随時了解押彙申請人的經營狀況、銀行狀況、财産(chǎn)狀況以及進口貨物(wù)的銷售、國(guó)際國(guó)内市場信息。如發現押彙異常情況，及時采取防範、補救措施。應加強對進口押彙的風險管理(lǐ)，原則上不允許對客戶被動押彙，特殊情況必須嚴格審批。
Is the risk of L / C import documentary bill so complex? How to prevent!
Documentary bill of import letter of credit refers to the short-term financing provided by the bank to the applicant at the request of the issuing applicant after receiving the foreign document to pay the amount under the document. On this basis, the issuing bank shall make payment in advance after receiving the documents under the letter of credit, and then deliver the documents to the importer according to the import documentary bill agreement with the importer and the trust receipt issued by the importer. The importer shall pick up the goods against the documents and return the payment and interest to the issuing bank after they are sold in the market. It can be seen that the essence of import documentary bill is a short-term loan from the bank to the importer.
From the meaning of import documentary bill, it can be seen that its operation is generally divided into three steps: the issuing bank makes external payment according to the import documentary bill agreement signed with the importer; The importer receives the shipping documents with the trust receipt; After the importer sells the goods, he will return the payment to the bank in exchange for the trust receipt. Although import documentary bill provides financing facilities for importers, the risk to banks is obvious.
Risks often faced in the process of import documentary bills include:
1、 Risk of falling goods prices
When an import enterprise signs an import contract with a foreign merchant, the market price of the goods is optimistic and the import is profitable. However, when the goods are imported and sold, the price drops sharply, and the original intention is to make a profit but lose money. At this time, the repayment ability of the enterprise will have problems, and the risk will appear.
2、 Risk of misappropriation of funds by enterprises
Although the import enterprise sold the goods and successfully recovered the payment for goods, there were other urgent funds, or the accounts in debt disputes were frozen and deducted, and it was unable to return the due pledged remittance of the documentary bank on time. At this time, the risk of the bank will be inevitable.
3、 Exchange rate change risk
If the bill negotiation currency of the bank to the import enterprise is RMB, the domestic loan recovery is also RMB, so there will be no risk of exchange rate change. However, if the documentary currency is US dollars or other foreign currencies, the enterprise shall bear the risk of RMB depreciation.
So how to prevent the risks in import documentary bills?
First, banks should build a guarantee mechanism for import documentary bills in strict accordance with the requirements of the current guarantee law to ensure that each way of guarantee is legal and effective and will not lead to contradictions. In the import documentary bill, the bank generally transfers the pledged goods or documents to the importer, which may lead to the invalidity of the pledge or the effectiveness of the pledge can not resist the third party. The court will think that the bank has abandoned the property protection, so the guarantor will bear the guarantee liability only within the scope beyond the value of the property protection. Therefore, when signing the written guarantee contract, the bank should require the guarantor to clearly agree that after the bank delivers the goods or documents to the importer, it will voluntarily bear the responsibility including the part within the scope of the creditor's rights guaranteed for the goods, so as to avoid the risk of loan loss caused by the guarantor's right of defense against the bank's property guarantee due to the transfer of the pledge.
Second, strictly examine the credit and ability of the documentary bill applicant and the guarantor, Comprehensively investigate the credit status of the applicant. The risk of import documentary bill business mainly comes from the applicant's business operation ability and performance payment ability. When banks provide financing to customers under letters of credit, they should clearly recognize that the customer's credit risk is the most fundamental risk. This measure is an effective measure to prevent the inherent defects of the documentary guarantee mechanism. In practice, Some documentary bill applicants maliciously collude with the guarantor to maliciously evade bank debts. Banks should pay particular attention to guarantees and transactions between affiliated companies, Impact on import documentary bill business.
Third, strictly grasp the use conditions of the L / C limit and scientifically match the relationship between the L / C limit and the margin ratio. Some basic conditions shall be met when opening a letter of credit with a credit limit. On the premise that the conditions are met, the credit limit shall be used and a partial proportion of the deposit shall be used to open a letter of credit, It can effectively control the trade financing risk under the letter of credit.
Fourth, in operation, we should improve the information disclosure system, enhance the risk prevention awareness of micro financial subjects, and improve the asymmetric state of bank financing information. The fundamental means to reverse this situation is a comprehensive, accurate and timely information disclosure and reporting system and comprehensive risk management. That is to centrally control and manage risks for business units at all levels of the whole organization through system information processing. Classify and integrate the internal and external inter-bank information resources of the bank, establish the information system, risk control system and decision support system that can be shared within the bank and among the inter-bank through information sharing, and form an asset liability management system with risk management as the core.
Fifth, strengthen post loan management. The relevant departments of the bank shall keep abreast of the applicant's business status, bank status, property status, sales of imported goods and international and domestic market information. In case of any abnormal situation of documentary bill, preventive and remedial measures shall be taken in time. The risk management of import documentary bills should be strengthened. In principle, passive documentary bills to customers are not allowed, and must be strictly approved under special circumstances.
Keyword:
信用(yòng)證,the,of,and,to,押彙,documentary,風險,進口,銀行
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